San francisco Cosmetic Dentistry

Sanfrancisco Cosmetic Dentistry

2008-02-13T01:55:00.000+05:30

We have been increasingly asked about “cosmetic dentistry,” what it involves, and what changes are possible. Each case is unique, of course, but certainly within very broad guidelines, essentially anything you can imagine is possible.

Cosmetic Dentistry has moved from the optional treatment it was years ago to the forefront of the profession, for it combines the benefits of aesthetic beauty along with the ability to restore teeth with minimal removal of tooth structure. The results are not only dramatic, but also functionally sound and extremely long lasting.

To accurately assess your own cosmetic dental concerns, ask yourself what you would change if there were no costs, no discomfort, and minimal time requirements. Ask yourself further what benefits you might gain from such an improvement, in terms of social, business, and personal comfort.

Cosmetic Dentistry San francisco

2008-02-04T02:59:00.000+05:30

Finding a dentist in San Francisco can be challenging without proper guidance. The first decision you have to make is deciding what exactly it is you want. Is it whiter teeth? A Hollywood Smile? Maybe is just straighter teeth? cosmeticdentistrysanfrancisco.blogspot.com has spent many years helping patients find a dentist in San Francisco. In the earlier years before the boom in cosmetics we had listings for many practices and as time moved on we have found our niche in helping patients from dentists in SF for smile design services such as: porcelain veneers. There are other options that dentists offer besides veneers that will help you drastically improve your smile. Some of which are orthodontic treatment through the use of Invisalign or their express system. Cosmetic gum contouring, bonding and crowns. We can't overlook the high demand for thin veneers often referred to as no prep veneers, meaning no tooth structure has to be removed. The pioneer in marketing this type of veneer is Denmat which has launched a very successful consumer marketing campaign promoting their Lumineers. If you need a San Francisco cosmetic dentistry practice to help you with your smile we can help. Some of the more popular San Francisco cosmetic dentistry procedures include: porcelain veneers, laser teeth whitening, dental implants, porcelain crowns, dental bonding, invisalign invisible braces and more

Family Dentistry Services

2008-02-01T20:51:00.000+05:30

Because they are considered to be the first level of defense against dental abnormalities, family dentistry and general dentistry are viewed primarily as preventative fields. The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends that you visit your family dentist for a checkup a minimum of two times each year. Such checkups provide routine or deep cleanings to eliminate plaque buildup and prevent tooth decay. If necessary, they also provide fluoride treatments to help coat the teeth, a procedure also important in the prevention of tooth decay. Preventative dental checkups can help with the detection of oral health problems long before the onset of symptoms.

On some visits, radiographs are taken to help detect cavities and other tooth and jaw problems. If a cavity is detected during a checkup, your family dentist can provide treatment with a dental filling before it develops into a more serious problem that may require a crown, dental implant, root canal, or other restorative procedure.

Family Dentistry

2008-02-01T20:49:00.000+05:30

Family dentistry, like general dentistry, provides services related to the general maintenance of oral hygiene and tooth health. The terms family dentistry and general dentistry are often used interchangeably, though there is a slight difference between the two.

Some dentists restrict their practice to certain age groups. For example, pedodontists restrict their practice to providing dental care and treatment to young children. Family dentists typically care for a wide variety of patients, from young children to older adults. Family dentists are responsible for ensuring that plaque buildup around the teeth is kept to a minimum, that tooth decay is eliminated and cavities are filled, and that gums remain healthy.

Dental Veneer Procedure

2008-02-01T20:44:00.000+05:30

The dental veneer procedure can often be completed in two dental visits over the course of a six-week period. The visits are comprehensive and may require several hours of examination, and tooth preparation. Dental offices typically boast amenities that may include sedation dentistry, audio/visual distractions and even massages to help you relax and stay comfortable. The examination stage of the veneer process is essential; it determines any oral health concerns that must first be addressed before treatment progresses. Also, your dentist will work with you to select the best tooth color for you from a special shade chart. Imaging technologies can provide you with a preview of your expected results, and before and after images can allow you to view other succesful cases. Once the examination process is completed and the customized plan designed, treatment begins.

The procedure itself has several steps. First, your dentist will likely administer a local anesthetic so you will be comfortable during the preparation of the tooth and the application of the veneer. Then the tooth is prepared by minimally reshaping it to provide the best fit. The tooth is reshaped using a small handheld rotational cutting device called a bur. Burs come in various shapes and sizes and allow for the precise and minimal shaping of a tooth prior to veneer placement.

Next, your dentist will make an impression of your teeth from which a mold of your mouth will be made. This impression may be sent to an outside dental lab so the veneers can be professionally fabricated. Some dentists boast an in-house dental lab and technicians, through which restorative and esthetic materials such as veneers may be fabricated in a shorter period of time. In other cases, dentists have CAD/CAM technology in the office and may fabricate the veneer in one visit.

Dental Veneer Cost

2008-02-01T20:41:00.000+05:30

Dental veneers can serve as a beautiful – albeit expensive – solution for worn tooth enamel, uneven tooth alignment, abnormal spacing, chips, and cracks. Although veneers can be pricey, people are often more than happy with their results, and feel the benefits far outweigh the cost. The cost of dental veneers depends on many factors, including:

The fees of the cosmetic dentist who performs the procedure.
The artistic and technical skill of the ceramist making the veneers and the cosmetic dentist who is applying the veneers.
The material used.
The location where it is performed. Costs for dental veneers and all cosmetic dentistry procedures vary widely by region of the country, specifically from large metropolitan areas to smaller towns.
The type of dental insurance you have (dental insurance typically does not cover cosmetic procedures).
The number of teeth requiring veneers.

Porcelain veneers are more expensive than their composite resin counterparts. Traditional porcelain veneers may cost from $900 to $2,500 per tooth. Porcelain veneers can last 10 to 15 years. Composite veneers cost approximately $250 to $1500 per tooth and are expected to last five to seven years.

Many dentists are willing to offer payment plans for cosmetic procedures. Be sure to ask your dentist about financing options.

So what exactly are you paying for?

A Restorative Benefit to Veneers

2008-02-01T20:39:00.000+05:30

In addition to being esthetically pleasing, dental veneers can also serve a functional purpose by protecting the surface of a damaged tooth. In some cases, veneers may replace the need for a dental crown, eliminating the need for more invasive tooth preparation.

Because dental veneers are so thin, they might require little-to-no tooth reshaping when bonded onto the tooth. Once veneers are bonded into place, they are relatively strong and durable; however, care must be taken so as not to abuse veneers because the thin porcelain shells can damage or break. Your dentist may advise you against certain uses or dietary tendencies (such as eating carrots) and may recommend you wear a protective appliance while your sleep, especially if you are a bruxer.

Veneers or Whitening?

2008-02-01T20:37:00.000+05:30

Teeth whitening may provide a white smile for mildly discolored teeth. Some people who are interested in veneers will find that their cosmetic dentist will steer them to the simpler alternative of whitening, perhaps combined with some simple orthodontic alignment. The placement of dental veneers requires the “shaping” or “prepping” of all teeth being fitted with the custom-designed shells. This process permanently alters the teeth that are treated and is therefore not recommended if your natural teeth are functionally and esthetically adequate.

If you have a severe case of dull or discolored teeth, you may have to opt for dental veneers. Veneers do have the added benefits of longevity and a proven ability to enhance the appearance of the mouth, smile, and possibly other areas of an aged face that would be better supported by properly shaped teeth. Although veneers require a much larger commitment than teeth whitening, the results are typically well worth it.

When are Veneers Appropriate?

2008-02-01T20:00:00.000+05:30

Bonding often serves as an inexpensive and effective restoration for small chips and cracks in the teeth. Such minor problems may be functionally and cosmetically repaired with a composite "white filling." A composite resin material is bonded to the tooth in order to fill in the chip or crack and better protect the surrounding tooth structure. But for more severe cases of dullness, wear, discoloration, mild chipping, cracking, spacing, or uneven teeth, dental veneers may be recommended as a more appropriate solution.

Porcelain Veneers and Composite Resin Veneers

2008-02-01T19:58:00.000+05:30

The two most common materials used in the manufacture of dental veneers are porcelain and composite resin. Both porcelain and composite veneers may be fabricated by a dental technician in a dental laboratory; composite veneers can also be directly fabricated inside your mouth at the dental office. Dental veneers that are indirectly fabricated – fabricated in a dental laboratory – are bonded to the teeth with various types of resin cement. Of the two options, porcelain veneers are longer lasting and more expensive.

Dental Veneers

2008-02-01T18:30:00.000+05:30

Dental veneers are custom-designed shells of tooth-like ceramic material that, when applied over the surface of a tooth, can cover worn tooth enamel, uneven tooth alignment or spacing and chips or cracks. Dental veneers fall into the category of cosmetic dentistry because they create a bright, white smile with beautifully aligned, shapely teeth. Even better, the translucent ceramic quality of today's veneers provides a more natural look than what’s been available in the past.

Regardless of what causes unattractive teeth, dental veneers may solve most or even all of your cosmetic dental issues, including:

Worn enamel: Over time, the thin, hard white substance covering your teeth (enamel) may become worn, dulled, and discolored. Such wear and discoloration may be natural or the result of a genetic predisposition; however, it is often a result of your habits (soft drink, tea, or coffee consumption, smoking, medication use, etc.).
Wear and tear: Teeth naturally wear down as people age. Aged teeth are more likely to have chips, cracks or a generally uneven appearance.

Genetics: Certain people may be born with abnormal spacing between the teeth that grows wider as they age.

Uneven teeth: Uneven teeth can result from tooth grinding or general wear and tear.

Types of Bad Bites

2008-01-30T20:11:00.000+05:30

An improper bite doesn't look good. That is the usual reason that people seek treatment from an orthodontist. In addition, an improper bite causes difficulty in chewing. In people with crowded teeth, it can lead to more cavities or gum disease. Treatment of an irregular bite can improve your overall oral health and stabilize your bite.

Incorrect bites are grouped into categories. Common bite problems include:

Crossbite — Here, the upper teeth rest significantly inside or outside the lower teeth. A crossbite often can make it difficult to bite or chew.
Crowding — Permanent teeth may not have room to move into the right

If there is not enough room for the teeth
If the teeth are unusually large compared with the size of the dental arch
If the jaw is narrower than it should be

Deep overbite — This occurs when the upper front teeth (incisors) overlap too far over the lower teeth. In some cases, the biting edges of the upper teeth touch the lower front gum tissue and the lower front teeth may bite into the roof of the mouth.
Underbite — A crossbite of the front teeth is commonly referred to as an underbite if the lower teeth are ahead of the upper teeth.
Open bite — If your upper and lower front teeth don't meet when you bite down, this is called an open bite. Because the front teeth don't share equally in the biting force, the back teeth may receive too much pressure. This makes chewing less efficient. It can lead to premature wear of the back teeth.
Spacing problems — Some people have missing teeth or unusually small teeth in a normal sized jaw. This can result in large spaces between the teeth. People who have lost one or multiple teeth may have uneven spacing because adjacent teeth may drift into the unoccupied areas

Who Can Benefit From Orthodontic Care?

2008-01-30T20:10:00.001+05:30

The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have an orthodontic screening no later than age 7. By then, enough of the permanent teeth have emerged to identify potential problems.

Don't wait until all the permanent teeth erupt in the mouth. Starting orthodontic treatment early in life may have many advantages. For example, while children are still growing, expansion devices can be used to widen the palate. This can help teeth come in straighter by providing more space. It also may help to correct the way the top teeth and bottom teeth meet or come together. Such treatment should be done at an early age for best results.

Many people undergo orthodontic treatment during preteen and teenage years. At this time, most of the permanent teeth have come in and treatment can be most effective. About 3 million teenagers in the United States and Canada wear braces. Millions more would benefit from treatment.

An increasing number of adults now have orthodontic treatment as well. However, adult treatment can be more complicated. It may require more than one dental professional to fully correct a problem. For example, adult patients may be more susceptible to gum problems and will need to address these. Sometimes they also have jaw alignment problems that require corrective surgery. One of the biggest limitations in adult treatment is that adults are no longer growing.

Orthodontic Care

2008-01-30T20:07:00.000+05:30

Whether to seek orthodontic care is an individual decision. Many people live with crowding, overbites or other types of bite problems and do not seek treatment. However, many people feel more comfortable and self-confident with properly aligned, attractive teeth. Orthodontic care can help improve appearance and build self-confidence.

Orthodontic care is not just cosmetic in nature. It also can benefit long-term dental health. Straight, properly aligned teeth are easier to brush and floss. This can help reduce the risk of tooth decay. It also can help prevent gingivitis, an inflammation that damages gums. Gingivitis may lead to infection, which occurs when bacteria cluster around the area where the teeth meet the gums.

People with bad bites also may chew less efficiently. Some people with a severe bite problem may even have problems getting enough nutrition. This especially may occur when the jaws are not aligned correctly. Fixing bite problems can make it easier to chew and digest foods.

When the upper and lower front teeth don't align right, people also can have speech difficulties. These can be corrected through orthodontic treatment, often combined with speech therapy.

Finally, orthodontic treatment can help to prevent premature wear of back tooth surfaces. As you bite down, your teeth withstand a tremendous amount of force. If your front teeth don't meet properly, it can cause your back teeth to wear more.

Bite Irregularities

2008-01-30T20:04:00.000+05:30

Many people's teeth are irregular in some way. For example, teeth may be slightly crowded or unevenly spaced. In fact, experts say many adults have an irregular bite. Sometimes the main problem with a "bad" bite is appearance. In other cases, it can cause difficulty in chewing or talking.

You may have inherited an irregular bite, but not all bite problems are genetic. Other causes include:

Trauma — When teeth are broken or knocked out and then replaced, they may fuse with the bone that surrounds them. This is called ankylosis or abnormal root fusion to the bone. If this happens in a growing child, the teeth will not be able to line up properly in the jaw. An irregular bite will result.
Prolonged thumb sucking or pacifier use — These habits can cause bite problems. For example, it may cause your upper teeth to protrude (extend) in front of your lower teeth. A tongue-thrusting habit when you swallow can cause a similar problem.
Premature loss of primary (baby) teeth — If a primary (baby) tooth is lost too early, the permanent tooth loses its guide. It can drift or come into the mouth (erupt) incorrectly. In some cases, the permanent teeth may be crowded, or they may come in only partially. Sometimes the teeth next to the lost primary tooth can move or tilt into the space left by the missing tooth. This may prevent the permanent tooth from coming in.

Orthodontics

2008-01-30T20:00:00.000+05:30

Orthodontics is a specialty field of dentistry that diagnoses, prevents and treats irregularities of the teeth and face. Treatment can correct an irregular or "bad" bite, also known as a malocclusion.

Orthodontic care involves the use of corrective appliances, usually braces. These devices can be used to:

Straighten teeth
Correct an irregular bite
Close unsightly gaps
Bring teeth and lips into proper alignment

They also can help with procedures in other areas of dentistry. Examples include cosmetic and implant dentistry.

In young children, orthodontic treatment also may guide proper jaw growth and permanent tooth eruption.

Cosmetic Dentistry Procedures

2008-01-30T17:15:00.000+05:30

Cosmetic dentistry procedures currently in use include:

Dental Fillings -As noted above, this traditional procedure can also be included in the category of cosmetic dentistry when porcelain and composite resin materials are used to provide a tooth-like appearance.
Bonding - The repair of chipped or broken teeth may be done via a procedure called bonding. A dental composite material with the look of enamel is applied to the surface of a tooth, where it is then sculpted into shape, contoured, and polished, making the crack or chip invisible.
Teeth Whitening - Teeth whitening is perhaps the most commonly recommended cosmetic dentistry procedure. Teeth are often stained from smoking, food, drink (coffee, tea, or red wine), or poor oral hygiene. Bleaching the teeth can enhance the appearance of your smile.
Dental Veneers - Plastic or porcelain laminates bonded to the surface of a tooth to replace chips and cracks will improve a worn appearance or severe tooth discoloration. Veneers may also be recommended if you have gaps in your teeth or if you have not had success with teeth whitening.
Dental Implants - Dental implants are artificial tooth root replacements that are used as a part of prosthetic (artificial replacement) dentistry in order to compensate for tooth loss. Often the result is not only an enhanced smile, but also a more youthful appearance, since missing teeth cause the face to collapse, making you look older.

Cosmetic dentistry offers many options for people who are unhappy with their smile. If you are one of these people, we encourage you to read our comprehensive cosmetic procedure articles to learn about the various treatments available to beautify your smile.

Cosmetic Dentistry Trends

2008-01-30T17:12:00.000+05:30

Technological advancements in cosmetic dentistry have made it possible for dentists to address a wide range of challenges. Two of the latest trends aimed at creating a more attractive appearance are smile makeovers and full mouth reconstruction.

A smile makeover improves the appearance of the smile through one or more cosmetic dentistry procedures, such as dental veneers, dental implants, and teeth whitening.

Full mouth reconstruction may include treatment for functional problems with the bite, muscles, teeth, and bone structure as well as the use of additional cosmetic procedures. Full mouth reconstruction involves advanced restorative treatment designed to address severe wear of the teeth, pain, and other problems. Full mouth reconstruction frequently involves several dentists who focus on their specific areas of expertise in order to obtain the best outcome.

Cosmetic Dentistry

2008-01-30T17:07:00.000+05:30

While traditional dentistry focuses on oral hygiene and preventing, diagnosing, and treating oral disease, cosmetic dentistry focuses on improving the appearance of a person's teeth, mouth, and smile.

Cosmetic dentistry may also provide restorative benefits. For example, dental fillings are a common procedure used to treat decayed teeth. Previously, most dental fillings were composed primarily of gold, amalgam, and other materials that left visible dark spots on the teeth. Today, dental fillings may fall into the category of cosmetic dentistry, because you can select fillings made of porcelain or composite materials that closely match the color of your teeth, thus maintaining the natural appearance of your teeth and smile. Many people have their older fillings replaced with newer, tooth-colored fillings to enhance their oral appearance.

Maintaining Your Whiter Smile

2008-01-30T16:59:00.000+05:30

In order to maximize the longevity of your whitening treatment, it is important to avoid food and drink that could stain your teeth for about a week after whitening, as well as to refrain from smoking.

Your dentist will advise you to maintain excellent oral hygiene (brush and floss after every meal) and steer clear of some of the more common causes of discoloration (coffee, tea, red wine, etc.). To help avoid future staining, dentists often suggest using a straw, even with coffee and tea. Smokers wishing to undergo whitening treatment are advised to stop smoking in order to prevent the staining it causes. Discuss such considerations with your dentist during your initial whitening consultation.

Teeth Whitening Costs

2008-01-30T16:55:00.000+05:30

The overall cost of teeth whitening depends on many factors, some of which include:

The dentist performing the procedure.
The locale where the procedure is performed. In general, health care procedures tend to be more expensive in metropolitan areas.
The brand of teeth whitening you select.
Your dental insurance (cosmetic dentistry is typically not covered by insurance).

On average, teeth whitening may cost approximately $450-$500 with the results lasting for several months or more, depending on how well you do maintaining your whiter smile. On the low end, whitening strips start at about $25 in the drug store. In-office whitening procedures can cost anywhere from $400 to $900, depending on the product, the provider and the location where the procedure is performed.

Over-the-Counter Whitening Products

2008-01-30T16:53:00.000+05:30

While the dentist-prescribed at-home whitening systems are more effective than other at-home options, you may choose a less expensive over-the-counter teeth whitening kit. These kits may contain whitening gel and application trays, or whitening strips that you place on the surface of your teeth.

Whitening has become popular to the point that many toothpastes and mouthwashes are now infused with whitening agents. Toothpaste whitening is an inexpensive option, but it’s relatively ineffective. Toothpastes may be gritty and abrasive to the enamel, can only remove stains on the surface of the teeth and don’t actually change the whiteness of your teeth.

Your dentist can help you determine which brand of whitening may best serve your esthetic goals.

At-Home Teeth Whitening

2008-01-30T16:51:00.000+05:30

Although many people opt for the "once-and-done" approach to teeth whitening associated with in-office treatment, some people prefer at-home methods. These range from prescription products provided by your dentist to over-the-counter products such as whitening strips.

The most effective at-home whitening systems use a prescription-strength gel kit your dentist provides. Most kits contain mouth trays that you fill with the whitening gel and place over your teeth for varying times, from a few minutes to overnight.

Application times vary greatly for the various dentist-dispensed, at-home products. Wear times of 30-60 minutes, once or twice a day, are common; results are achieved in a little as three days, but more commonly 5-10 or more days.

Advantages of at-home products include cost and the ability to re-treat as needed. Although it takes longer, many people find that eventually the results of at-home whitening are on par with in-office procedures.

In-Office Tooth Whitening

2008-01-30T16:49:00.000+05:30

The advantage of having your teeth whitened in the dental office is that this approach is fast and produces immediate improvement. Typically, your teeth can be whitened by several shades within 45 minutes, dramatically improving your appearance in the shortest possible time. Tooth shade charts are used during the consultation stage of treatment to establish your current shading and determine your whitening goal. In-office whitening is unique in this respect, as your dentist has more control over achieving your specific teeth whitening goals.

During your teeth whitening procedure, you are made comfortable while your teeth are prepared. Your dentist places a guard in your mouth to protect the lips and gums from a whitening gel that is applied to the teeth.

In some types of in-office whitening, application of the whitening gel occurs in three sessions over the course of the visit. A special lamp is used to activate the whitening gel and speed up the whitening process. Once the gel is activated, it remains on the teeth for 15-20 minutes until the next application.

Disadvantages of in-office teeth whitening include cost and greater incidence of temporary tooth sensitivity. Since in-office, one-time regimens use potent whitening agents, there’s more potential for temporary sensitivity.

The Teeth Whitening Procedure

2008-01-30T16:47:00.000+05:30

Teeth whitening can be performed either in-office by your dentist or at home by you. While in-office whitening produces an immediate and often dramatic effect, many people appreciate at-home whitening for its flexibility and lower cost. How exactly do the two options differ?

Teeth Whitening Considerations

2008-01-30T16:45:00.000+05:30

More often than not, teeth whitening serves as an adequate solution to discoloration. However, the effectiveness of teeth whitening can vary, depending on the individual. Also, whitening procedures can cause temporary tooth sensitivity, which varies in intensity from person to person.

Occasionally tooth discoloration is so severe that whitening alone cannot fully treat the problem. In these situations, veneers might be a better option. Your dentist can advise you about this.

The Prevalence of Tooth Discoloration

2008-01-30T16:39:00.000+05:30

Tooth discoloration and staining is a relatively common problem. Teeth are porous and are therefore not stain resistant.

Red wine, soda, coffee and tea, among other food and drink, contribute to the discoloration of teeth over time. Medications such as the antibiotic tetracycline can cause significant staining, resulting in yellow, grayish teeth. Smokers’ teeth can become permanently stained if the discoloration is not treated in a timely manner. Discoloration can also occur secondary to conditions such as fluorosis, dentin and enamel dysplasia and dental caries.

Tooth trauma caused by a fall or collision can cause tooth discoloration. Trauma could result in tooth death (tooth necrosis) which would cause discoloration. Typically, root canal therapy is required as the treatment for tooth necrosis, after which internal bleaching can be performed to correct discoloration.

Tooth brushing alone can’t brighten teeth dulled by years of exposure to such discoloring agents. In fact, people with dull teeth sometimes over-brush in an attempt to eliminate stains, and this can harm the enamel covering of the tooth.

Teeth/Tooth Whitening

2008-01-30T16:33:00.000+05:30

Teeth whitening is the most commonly requested cosmetic dentistry procedure. It’s designed to enhance your appearance by reducing tooth discoloration and staining to elicit a brighter, whiter smile.

Tooth whitening is a procedure that lightens teeth and helps to remove stains and discoloration. Whitening is among the most popular cosmetic dental procedures because it can significantly improve how your teeth look. Most dentists perform tooth whitening.

The outer layer of a tooth is called the enamel. Every day, a thin coating forms on the enamel and picks up stains. Tooth enamel also contains pores that can hold stains. Whitening is not a one-time solution. It will need to be repeated from time to time if you want to maintain the brighter color.

Causes of Gum Disease

2008-01-30T16:26:00.000+05:30

There are a number of causes of gum disease, each of which can be corrected and controlled. The causes of gum disease include:

Improper Dental Hygiene:
If plaque is not removed through daily dental hygiene practices and regular professional dental cleanings, bacteria may set in and cause gingivitis, which may eventually result in gum disease.

Organic Changes in the Mouth:
Changes that occur in metabolism and hormone levels during pregnancy, puberty and menopause may affect the organic balance in the mouth, and make teeth more susceptible to gum disease.

Medical Conditions:
Serious conditions that affect the body’s ability to produce sugar (such as diabetes or kidney disease) may contribute to periodontal disease. Furthermore, the Center for Disease Control has found an association between certain illnesses (including diabetes, stroke and heart attack) and gum disease. Finally, medications used to treat medical conditions may produce the overgrowth of gums. Overgrown gums are more susceptible to bacteria, and therefore gum disease.

Saliva Flow Inhibitors:
Certain medications that produce oral side effects or dry mouth syndrome (xerostoma) may contribute to a reduction of protective saliva flow, and potentially to gum disease. Seniors may be more susceptible to dry mouth syndrome because of the natural reduction of salivary flow associated with age.

Poor Functional Habits:
Teeth grinding or clenching may impair the surrounding tissue and is a possible contributor to gum disease.

The Signs of Gum Disease

2008-01-30T16:18:00.000+05:30

As a gum infection progresses, the bone tends to recede; the gums may or may not recede. In some cases, the root of the tooth becomes exposed, occasionally causing tooth sensitivity. Furthermore, pus may be produced, and pockets may form between the gum and tooth.

Since bone recession is not visible to the naked eye, and if left undetected, may contribute to tooth loss, it is important to visit your dentist for professional examinations and dental cleanings to identify gum disease.

Here are some common signs of gum disease you and your dentist can look for:

Bleeding gums during tooth brushing or otherwise.

Sensitive, red or swollen gums.

Bad breath

Teeth that are loose or appear to have shifted.

Gum Disease (Periodontal Disease)

2008-01-30T16:16:00.000+05:30

Gum or periodontal disease (also known as periodontitis) is an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues surrounding a tooth, and is the leading cause of tooth loss. Gingivitis is a bacterial infection of the tissues in the mouth and potential precursor of gum disease.

Once gum disease sets in, the toxins produced by the bacteria damage the teeth’s connective tissue and bone, effectively destroying them and fostering tooth loss.

The Cost of Gum Disease Treatment

2008-01-30T16:13:00.000+05:30

The cost of gum disease treatment depends on several factors. For example, additional routine tooth cleaning or scaling and root planing procedures at the gingivitis stage may be required in order to help prevent the onset of gum disease. This will further affect the cost of your treatment.

Other factors affecting gum disease treatment costs include:

The technology used in the procedure.
The location of your dentist.
The type of dental insurance you have.
The type of treatment plan required.

For example, your dentist may perform the initial diagnosis and some treatment, but may refer you to a periodontist with three additional years of gum disease training who may be adept at performing more advanced treatment methods.
Gum disease treatment costs may be as little as $500, or as much as $10,000, depending on the severity of the disease.

Advanced Gum Disease Treatments

2008-01-30T16:08:00.000+05:30

Tissue Regeneration

If the bone has been destroyed, your dentist may employ a new technique called tissue regeneration, which involves grafting the bone to offer a better chance of bone re-growth. To strengthen thin gums, soft tissue grafts may also be used.
Guided tissue regeneration involves the insertion of a membrane to help in the bone regeneration process. This is sometimes useful during periodontal surgery.

Pocket Elimination Surgery

In some cases, surgery may be part of the treatment plan to help prevent tooth loss resulting from gum disease. Here are some surgical options:

Periodontal flap surgery may be performed to reduce the pocket gap between the teeth and gums.
If the jaw bone has craters housing bacteria and contributing to gum disease, the bone may be reshaped through bone surgery to eliminate the craters and help prevent future recolonization of bacteria growth.

Laser Therapy

Laser therapy may be used to reduce pocket size; however, no definitive evidence exists to support the idea that laser therapy helps to restore connective tissue damaged as a result of gum disease.

Gum Disease Treatments

2008-01-30T16:00:00.000+05:30

There are a number of treatments available for gum disease sufferers, each of which varies depending on the severity of the condition.

In order to determine the treatment modality that best meets your needs, your dentist will evaluate the extent of the damage caused by gum disease to develop a conservative initial plan. A dental hygiene evaluation will determine if plaque (soft deposits on the tooth) is being removed on a daily basis.

Next, calculus (also known as tartar) must be removed through a professional cleaning, and sometimes through the additional procedures of deep scaling and root planing. A local anesthetic may be administered during these procedures. Your dentist may also administer antibiotics to treat bacteria housed in the pocketed areas of the gum, and recommend a medicated mouthwash to be used as a regular part of your home regimen.

Dental Insurance: Options for the Uninsured

2008-01-30T15:53:00.000+05:30

If you do not have dental insurance, you are not alone. A quick glance at some of the statistics reveals that the lack of dental insurance coverage is a nationwide problem.

More than 108 million children and adults in the U.S. do not have dental insurance; this is two times the number of children without medical insurance.
Dental caries (tooth decay) is the most chronic childhood disease - five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than hay fever.
75% of Americans have some form of periodontal disease.
Approximately 3 to 4 million American children suffer from dental pain that interferes with normal daily function.
Nearly 50% of America's second graders have had cavities.
It has been estimated that more than 32 million children in the U.S. are not receiving regular dental check-ups.
Approximately 35.1% of 2- to 5-year-old children in the U.S. receive dental check-ups.
No more than 20% of Americans 75 years of age and over have dental insurance.
The lack of access to dental care for older Americans on Medicaid was demonstrated in a grade report by Oral Health America called State of Decay: private dental coverage received a D, the level of adult Medicaid dental coverage received a D+, adult Medicaid reimbursement rates received an F, and the adult dental Medicaid grade overall was a D-.

These statistics illustrate the dismal state of dental care in the United States. To make matters worse, there are too few dental schools and dental professionals, and federal and state funding is insufficient.

Furthermore, there are not enough dentists in rural areas across the U.S. Iowa provides a striking example of this problem: 90 of the 99 counties in Iowa are rural, according to the Institute for America's Future. According to the CDC's National Oral Health Surveillance System, approximately 1,500 dentists and 15 dental clinics served close to 3 million residents in 2004 – this meant that there were 2,000 patients per dentist! Just one dental school and four hygienist schools are available to serve Iowa's dental needs in future years.

The outlook for Iowa is bleak, especially considering that the U.S. Census Bureau Population Division projects that the state’s elderly population will increase 22.6% and become the nation's seventh highest proportion of elderly by 2025.

The state of dental care in Iowa is but one example of a much greater problem nationwide. The need for dental hygienists (who provide professional dental cleaning) is expected to grow by more than 35% between 2000 and 2010. The good news for Iowa is that non-profit and state funding opportunities are available through which residents can receive dental care. In places where this assistance is not available, Americans may need to become more persistent and informed as they seek dental care options on their own.

Dental Financing

2008-01-30T15:51:00.000+05:30

Numerous independent finance plans and reputable finance companies offer a wealth of options to meet the budget and credit limit requirements for most applicants. Funds received from dental finance companies may be used for out-of-pocket dental costs or for the dental procedure itself. There are “same-as-cash” finance options with 0% interest for extended time periods ranging from 12 to 24 months, as well as other low interest rate options requiring monthly installments with little or no down-payment.

Treatment plans may begin the day of your initial consultation or up to 60 days after application approval. In order to determine the right finance option, contact your dentist and ask if the practice has made an agreement with one or more finance companies.

You may complete a dental finance application in your dentist’s office, online at a finance company website, or through a toll-free number. Usually, finance approval arrives within minutes. Many times, credit history does not influence the approval process. Of course, with any finance agreement, read the fine print to check for hidden fees. If you do not have dental insurance, dental financing may make sense. At the same time, resources are available to help low-income, uninsured individuals receive dental treatment.

Types Of Dental Insurance Plans

2008-01-30T15:48:00.000+05:30

Dental Insurance Plan Choices:

Indemnity Plan: An indemnity dental insurance plan allows you to select your own dentist. The plans are considered fee-for-service and come with limitations and co-payment options. This means that you pay a flat fee for the dental visit, but you have an annual limit on coverage for dental spending, and specific coverage limits may apply to individual dental procedures.
Self-Insurance Plan: Self-insurance dental plans may be similar in nature to indemnity plans, though you may or may not have the option to select your own dentist.
Closed Panel Plan: Closed panel dental plans limit you to using a specific group of facilities and the number of dentists available to you.
Capitation Plan: Capitation dental plans designate specific dentists for intervals of treatment. These dentists have a contract indicating that they will be paid a fee regardless of whether dental treatment was required.
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): PPO dental plans are limited to a group of dentists who are available to provide dental care at a reduced cost.
Direct Reimbursement Plan: Direct reimbursement dental plans allow employers to directly reimburse employees for dental services they receive.
Dental Care Service Plan: Dental care service plans make use of a group of dentists who form a non-profit organization to provide dental services at set fees.

Dental Insurance Plans

2008-01-30T15:43:00.000+05:30

Various types of dental insurance plans are available for individuals in the U.S. In fact, some employers offer programs whereby a certain portion of income is allocated to a special flexible spending account before taxes are assessed. The employee benefits from less taxation and is able to use these funds for dental or medical treatment.

You may not be aware that you have flexible spending account options available through your employer for dental or medical needs. Check with your employer to see if a flexible spending account is an option for you.

No two dental insurance plans offer identical benefits. Each plan has specific limitations and exclusions. Get to know your plan. For example, if you require a dental filling and would prefer a composite material, evaluate the benefits allocated in the plan for composite fillings. Many insurance companies will only reimburse composite filling costs at a rate equal to that of an amalgam filling. You would be required to pay the remaining balance.

Cosmetic dental procedures are not traditionally covered by dental insurance. However, if you have insurance and require veneers for restorative purposes, ask your dentist about the possibility of filing for reimbursement for a percentage of the costs.

Dental Insurance

2008-01-30T15:33:00.000+05:30

Dental Insurance

The mere thought of out-of-pocket expenses prevents many Americans from securing dental treatment. Today’s dental treatments may range in cost from $300 per year for simple professional dental hygiene visits, to $25,000 or more for restorative dental work or cosmetic dentistry. Additionally, compared to medical insurance coverage, dental insurance plans generally offer reduced benefit structures.

Today, however, stronger financing options are available for out-of-pocket dental treatment costs, and dental insurance plans still reduce your financial burden in some ways.

Dental Insurence Plan

Various types of dental insurance plans are available for individuals in the U.S. In fact, some employers offer programs whereby a certain portion of income is allocated to a special flexible spending account before taxes are assessed. The employee benefits from less taxation and is able to use these funds for dental or medical treatment.

You may not be aware that you have flexible spending account options available through your employer for dental or medical needs. Check with your employer to see if a flexible spending account is an option for you.

No two dental insurance plans offer identical benefits. Each plan has specific limitations and exclusions. Get to know your plan. For example, if you require a dental filling and would prefer a composite material, evaluate the benefits allocated in the plan for composite fillings. Many insurance companies will only reimburse composite filling costs at a rate equal to that of an amalgam filling. You would be required to pay the remaining balance.

Cosmetic dental procedures are not traditionally covered by dental insurance. However, if you have insurance and require veneers for restorative purposes, ask your dentist about the possibility of filing for reimbursement for a percentage of the costs.

Advantages of the Waterlase Dentistry

2008-01-30T15:31:00.000+05:30

Often no drill or needle for fillings
No needle for most soft tissue procedures
Increased bond strength for fillings
Reduced post op sensitivity with fillings
Thorough disinfection of cavity preps prior to filling placement
Treat kids with no needle or drill
More rapid healing and reduced pain after soft tissue procedures
Drug free cold sore and apthous ulcer treatments with immediate pain relief and healing within two to three days
Excellent adjunct to crown and bridge work for improved gingival health and more accurate impression

Waterlase Dentistry:A number of procedures can be performed

2008-01-30T15:25:00.000+05:30

All classes of dental fillings. It's only limitation is that it can not remove old silver amalgam.
Laser assisted periodontal therapy
Smile improvements, i.e. gum sculpting that lengthens teeth due to oversized gingiva ("gummy smile" improvement)
Gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, crown lengthening, and other gum corrections
Root canals and apicoectomies
Removal of oral lesions such as fibromas or pappilomas, usually with topical anesthesia only
Excisional and incisional biopsies
Frenectomy ("tongue-tie" release, orthodontic or periodontal indications) without anesthesia or sutures
Pediatric procedures. The lack of needles or drills is a huge plus for kids.
Cold sore treatments
Apthous Ulcer ("canker sore" ) treatments
Treatment of minor mouth and gum irritations

Waterlase Dentistry

2008-01-30T15:16:00.000+05:30

Waterlase Dentistry performs a host of both tooth and soft tissue procedures, often times with no need for local anesthesia. The laser lacks the heat and vibration of the dental drill, so the procedure is quite comfortable for most patients. For soft tissue procedures it often eliminates the need for suturing and healing is much faster due to wound sterilization and the atraumatic effect of the laser on surrounding tissues.

Lasers are used to diagnose cavities.The Diagnodent machine uses laser fluorescence to find hidden decay in teeth at the earliest stages. Small lesions are found much sooner than if traditional instrument methods are used.

Waterlase Dentistry can identify decay so early that it can be reversed through hygiene, diet, and fluoride measures such that it may never need a filling.

The Waterlase is really two devices in one. For working on teeth the work is actually done by a laser energized water stream through a "hydrophotonic" process. That is, the laser energy is transferred to the water which is then transferred to the tooth vaporizing the cavity. For soft tissue procedures the laser itself does the cutting with the water stream acting as a coolant. It is this versatility that makes the device such a great oral health instrument.

Types of Dental Lasers

2008-01-30T15:13:00.000+05:30

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of a variety of hard and soft tissue lasers for use in dental treatment of adults and children alike. Because dental lasers boast unique absorption characteristics, they are used to perform many specific dental procedures.

For example, some dental lasers have a wavelength that is highly absorbed by hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate salt found in bone and teeth) and water, making them more effective for cutting through hard tissue. Commonly used hard tissue lasers include the Erbium YAG, and the Erbium chromium YSGG.

Other dental lasers boast a wavelength that is highly absorbed by water and hemoglobin (oxygenating protein in red blood cells), making them more effective for soft tissue management. Commonly used soft tissue lasers include Neodymium YAG (Nd:YAG) and diode lasers, which may be used as a component of periodontal treatment and have the ability to kill bacteria and activate the re-growth of tissues. The carbon-dioxide laser, which minimizes damage to surrounding tissue, removes tissue faster than the fiber optic method.

In addition to the lasers used for cutting and shaping hard and soft tissues, other laser types are used for various purposes. Certain lasers are specifically designed to view the insides of teeth and cells using Optical Coherence Tomography, a non-invasive imaging technique. Other lasers provide energy and specific proteins that help move messages between cells to match the body's natural ability to use light spectrums to heal damaged cells.

Consult the Academy of Laser Dentistry for more information about the types and benefits of procedures performed in laser dentistry.

Soft Tissue Dental Lasers

2008-01-30T15:11:00.000+05:30

A wide variety of lasers are used to diagnose, assist, and perform various dental procedures.

Soft Tissue Lasers:

Soft tissue lasers penetrate soft tissue while sealing blood vessels and nerve endings. This is the primary reason why many people experience virtually no postoperative pain following the use of a laser. Also, soft tissue lasers allow tissues to heal faster.

Hard Tissue Dental Lasers

2008-01-30T15:10:00.000+05:30

Hard Tissue Lasers:
The primary use of hard tissue lasers is to cut precisely into bone and teeth. Hard tissue lasers are often used to prep teeth for bonding, remove small amounts of tooth structure, and repair certain worn down dental fillings.

The Future of Dental Lasers

2008-01-30T15:08:00.000+05:30

Traditional dentistry procedures may soon be quicker and more effective thanks to the growing popularity of laser dentistry. More dental offices around the world will use dental lasers as the technology continues to improve and the cost of the technology decreases.

Soon, dentists may use laser dentistry during a professional dental cleaning to remove tartar and as a replacement for the traditional root planing procedure, which is now done with a surgical instrument called a curette that may damage surrounding tissue. Eventually, laser dentistry could make it possible for dentists to access any part of a tooth, thus replacing the need for the traditional dental drill.

Laser Dentistry

2008-01-30T15:07:00.000+05:30

Enhancing Dental Treatment with Lasers

Laser dentistry incorporates state-of-the-art technology in various aspects of dental health practice and treatment. Although laser dentistry may improve the precision of your treatment while minimizing pain and recovery time, the technology has yet to break into the mainstream of dentistry. It is estimated that approximately 5% of all dentists have lasers available in their offices today.

Why Laser Dentistry?

Laser dentistry is viewed by some as a precise and effective way to perform many dental procedures. Those seeking extreme safety and comfort may select a laser dentistry option. The potential for laser dentistry to improve dental treatment comes from the precision with which lasers can treat an area of focus, the control that laser dentists have over power output, and the duration of exposure on the skin.

Here are some of the major benefits associated with laser dentistry:

Procedures performed using dental lasers may not require sutures.
Certain laser dentistry procedures do not require anesthesia.
Laser dentistry minimizes bleeding because the high-energy light beam aids in the clotting (coagulation) of exposed blood vessels, thus inhibiting blood loss.
Bacterial infections are minimized because the high-energy beam sterilizes the area being worked on.
Damage to surrounding tissue is minimized.
Wounds heal faster and tissues can be regenerated.

Laser Dentistry Treatment Improvements

2008-01-30T14:57:00.000+05:30

The application of lasers in dentistry opens the door for dentists to perform a wide variety of dental procedures they otherwise may not be capable of performing. Dentists using lasers in dentistry have become adept at incorporating the state-of-the-art precision technology into a number of common and not-so-common procedures:

Benign Tumors: Dental lasers may be used for the painless and suture-free removal of benign tumors from the gums, palate, sides of cheeks, and lips.
Cavity Detector: Low intensity soft tissue dental lasers may be used for the early detection of cavities by providing a reading of the by-products produced by decay.
Viewing Tooth and Gum Tissues: Optical Coherence Tomography is a safer way to see inside tooth and gums in real time.
Cold Sores: Low intensity dental lasers reduce pain associated with cold sores and minimize healing time.
Crown Lengthening: Dental lasers can reshape gum tissue and bone to expose healthier tooth structure. Called crown lengthening, such reshaping provides a stronger foundation for a restoration.
Dental Fillings: Hard tissue dental lasers may eliminate the need for a local anesthetic injection and the traditional turbine drill. Lasers used in dental filling procedures are capable of killing bacteria located in a cavity and this may lead to better long term tooth restorations.
Muscle Attachment (Frenula): A laser frenectomy is an ideal treatment option for children who are tongue tied (restricted or tight frenulum) and babies unable to breast feed adequately due to limited tongue movement. A laser frenectomy may also help to eliminate speech impediments.
Nerve Regeneration: Photobiomodulation can be used to regenerate damaged nerves, blood vessels, and scars.
Sleep Apnea: In cases where sleep apnea is a result of a tissue overgrowth in areas of the throat (which sometimes occurs with age), a laser assisted uvuloplasty or laser assisted uvula palatoplasty (LAUP) procedure can be performed to reshape the throat and relieve the correlating breathing problems associated with sleep apnea.
Soft Tissue Folds (Epulis): Dental lasers may be used for the painless and suture-free removal of soft tissue folds often caused by ill-fitting dentures.
Teeth Whitening: Low intensity soft tissue dental lasers may be used to speed up the bleaching process associated with teeth whitening.
Temporomandibular Joint Treatment: Dental lasers may be used to quickly reduce pain and inflammation of the temporomandibular jaw joint.
Gummy Smile: Dental lasers can reshape gum tissue to expose healthy tooth structure and improve the appearance of a gummy smile.
Tooth Sensitivity: Dental lasers may be used to seal tubules (located on the root of the tooth) that are responsible for hot and cold tooth sensitivity.

Dental lasers are not appropriate to use for the replacement of amalgam fillings, onlays, or crowns.

Why Laser Dentistry?

2008-01-30T14:52:00.000+05:30

Laser dentistry is viewed by some as a precise and effective way to perform many dental procedures. Those seeking extreme safety and comfort may select a laser dentistry option.
The potential for laser dentistry to improve dental treatment comes from the precision with which lasers can treat an area of focus, the control that laser dentists have over power output, and the duration of exposure on the skin.

Here are some of the major benefits associated with laser dentistry:

Procedures performed using dental lasers may not require sutures.
Certain laser dentistry procedures do not require anesthesia.
Laser dentistry minimizes bleeding because the high-energy light beam aids in the clotting (coagulation) of exposed blood vessels, thus inhibiting blood loss.
Bacterial infections are minimized because the high-energy beam sterilizes the area being worked on.
Damage to surrounding tissue is minimized.
Wounds heal faster and tissues can be regenerated.

Disadvantages of Ceramics Fillings

2008-01-26T23:41:00.001+05:30

Ceramics are more brittle than composite resin.

A ceramic inlay or onlay needs to be large enough to prevent it from breaking, so the tooth must be reduced in size to make room for the extra bulk.

Advantages of Ceramics Fillings

2008-01-26T23:40:00.000+05:30

Ceramics are tooth-colored.
Ceramics are more resistant to staining and abrasion than composite resin.

Types of Fillings:Ceramics Fillings

2008-01-26T23:36:00.000+05:30

Made of:
Porcelain, most commonly

Used for:
Inlays and onlays, crowns

Lasts:
Five to seven years

Costs:
Can cost as little as composite or as much or more than gold, depending on the filling.

Disadvantages of Gold Foil Fillings

2008-01-26T23:35:00.000+05:30

Disadvantages of Gold Foil Fillings

Gold foil restorations require great skill and attention to detail by the dentist. Improper placement of gold foil can damage the pulp or periodontal (gum) tissues.
Gold foil costs more than amalgam and composite fillings.
It may be difficult to find a dentist who offers gold foil as an option because it is being replaced by other materials that match the color of your teeth.

Advantages of Gold Foil Fillings

2008-01-26T23:34:00.001+05:30

Advantages of Gold Foil Fillings

Gold foil can last a long time.

Types of Fillings:Gold Foil Fillings

2008-01-26T23:30:00.000+05:30

Types of Fillings:Gold Foil Fillings

Made of:
Gold

Used for:
Small fillings in areas where you don’t chew hard; repairing crowns

Lasts:
Approximately 10 to 15 years

Costs:
Up to four times as much as amalgam

Disadvantages of Cast Gold Fillings

2008-01-26T23:28:00.000+05:30

Disadvantages of Cast Gold Fillings

You must visit the dentist at least twice to receive a gold filling. At the first visit, the dentist makes an impression of your tooth and a temporary filling is placed. The gold filling is made from the impression and is placed at a second visit.
The cost is high because of the high cost of gold and the work involved.
If gold and amalgam fillings are right next to each other in your mouth, an electric current can result from interactions between the metals and your saliva, resulting in discomfort. This is called "galvanic shock."

Advantages of Cast Gold Fillings

2008-01-26T23:27:00.000+05:30

Advantages of Cast Gold Fillings

Gold doesn't corrode.
Some people like the gold color better than the silver color of amalgam.
Gold fillings are durable enough to withstand chewing forces.

Types of Fillings:Cast Gold Fillings

2008-01-26T23:23:00.000+05:30

Types of Fillings:Cast Gold Fillings

Made of:
Gold alloy (gold mixed with other metals)

Used for:
Inlays and onlays, crowns

Lasts:
At least seven years, usually longer

Costs:
More than most other materials; six to10 times more expensive than amalgam

Disadvantages of Composite Resin fillings

2008-01-26T23:21:00.000+05:30

Disadvantages of Composite Resin fillings

Although composite resins have become stronger and more resistant to wear, it's not clear whether they are strong enough to last as long as amalgam fillings under the pressure of chewing
The composite may shrink when placed; this can lead to more cavities in the future in areas where the filling is not making good contact with your tooth. The shrinkage is reduced when your dentist places this type of filling in thin layers.
These fillings take more time to place because they are usually placed in layers. The increased time and labor involved also contribute to the higher cost (compared with amalgam fillings).
Indirect fillings and inlays take at least two visits to complete. Your dentist takes impressions at the first visit and places the filling or inlay at the second visit.
In large cavities, composites may not last as long as amalgam fillings.

Advantages of Composite Resin Fillings

2008-01-26T23:18:00.000+05:30

Advantages of Composite Resin Fillings

Your fillings or inlay will match the color of your teeth.
A filling can be completed in one dental visit. An inlay may require two visits.
Composite fillings can bond directly to the tooth, making the tooth stronger than it would be with an amalgam filling.
Less drilling is involved than with amalgam fillings because your dentist does not have to shape the space as much to hold the filling securely. The bonding process holds the composite resin in the tooth.
Indirect composite fillings and inlays are heat-cured, increasing their strength.
Composite resin can be used in combination with other materials, such as glass ionomer, to provide the benefits of both materials.

Types of Fillings:Composite Resin

2008-01-26T23:15:00.000+05:30

Types of Fillings:Composite Resin

Made of:
A mixture of plastic and fine glass particles.

Types:
Direct and indirect. Direct fillings are placed by your dentist using a bright blue light that hardens the soft material. For indirect fillings, your dentist prepares the tooth, takes an impression and a laboratory makes the filling. During a second visit, your dentist cements this filling into place.

Used for:
Small and large fillings, especially in front teeth or the visible parts of teeth; also for inlays

Lasts:
At least five years

Costs:
More than amalgam, but less than gold

Disadvantages of Amalgam fillings

2008-01-26T23:12:00.000+05:30

Disadvantages of Amalgam fillings

Amalgam doesn't match the color of your teeth.
Healthy parts of your tooth often must be removed to make a space large enough to hold an amalgam filling.
Amalgam fillings can corrode or tarnish over time, causing discoloration where the filling meets the tooth.
A traditional (non-bonded) amalgam filling does not bond (stick) to your tooth. The cavity preparation (the "pocket" in your tooth) developed by your dentist requires undercuts or ledges to provide retention of the filling. Your dentist may have to remove additional tooth structure to establish good retention for the filling.
Some people may be allergic to mercury or be concerned about its effects, although research shows the amount of mercury exposure from fillings is similar to what people get from other sources in the environment.

Advantages of Amalgam fillings

2008-01-26T23:10:00.000+05:30

Advantages of Amalgam fillings

Amalgam fillings are strong and can withstand the forces of chewing.
They are relatively inexpensive, compared with alternatives.
An amalgam filling can be completed in one dental visit.

Types of Fillings:Amalgam

2008-01-26T23:08:00.000+05:30

Types of Fillings:Amalgam

Made of:
A mixture of silver, tin, zinc, copper, and mercury. Mercury is nearly 50% of the mixture.

Types:
Traditional (non-bonded), bonded

Used for:
Fillings in back teeth

Lasts:
At least seven years, usually longer

Costs:
The least expensive type of restorative material

Replacing a Filling

2008-01-26T22:58:00.000+05:30

Replacing a Filling
Before removing your old filling, your dentist will discuss treatment options with you. It is often possible to repair an old filling instead of removing it and replacing it completely. However, if the entire filling has to be replaced, the dentist may reevaluate what filling material to use. Talk with your dentist about your preferences for appearance, form and function. Then he or she can select the material that is best for you.

Keeping Your Fillings

2008-01-26T22:55:00.000+05:30

Keeping Your Fillings
Although some fillings can last for many years, the average life of an amalgam filling is five to seven years. Some can last 15 years. Composite fillings may not last this long.

Your dentist will examine your fillings at your checkup visits. You may need X-rays if your dentist thinks a filling might be cracked or leaking, or if decay is occurring under the filling. Make an appointment with your dentist:

If a tooth is sensitive
If you see a crack
If part of a filling appears to be missing

To help your fillings last, you should visit your dentist regularly for cleanings, brush with a fluoride toothpaste, and floss once a day. If you have many fillings or very large fillings, your dentist may prescribe a fluoride gel you can use at home. The fluoride will help strengthen your teeth and prevent future cavities. Your dentist or hygienist also can apply a fluoride varnish around the edges of these teeth at your checkup visits.

Clenching and Grinding

2008-01-26T22:54:00.000+05:30

Clenching and Grinding
If you clench or grind your teeth, you may have more problems with your fillings. The forces placed on your teeth can lead to tooth sensitivity and extra wear on your fillings. Clenching or grinding also can cause your teeth and fillings to crack or develop small craze lines. These are fine cracks you can see if you shine a light on your tooth.

Worn-Out Fillings

2008-01-26T22:52:00.000+05:30

Worn-Out Fillings
Some fillings can last for 15 years or longer. Others, however, will have to be replaced in as little as five years. Your dentist can determine if your fillings are worn enough that they need to be replaced.

Leaking Fillings

2008-01-26T22:49:00.000+05:30

Leaking Fillings
A filling is said to be leaking when the side of the filling doesn't fit tightly against the tooth. Debris and saliva can seep down between the filling and the tooth. This can lead to decay, discoloration or sensitivity.

Both amalgam and composite fillings can leak. An amalgam filling sometimes leaks slightly after it is placed. You would notice this as sensitivity to cold. This sensitivity decreases for the next two to three weeks. Then it disappears altogether. Over that period, the amalgam filling naturally corrodes. The corrosion seals the edges of the filling and stops any leaks.

A composite filling could be contaminated with saliva. This would weaken the bond between the filling and the tooth and allow for leaks. Other times, there may be small gaps where the tooth and filling meet. These gaps are caused by shrinkage when your dentist places the filling. Sensitivity after receiving a composite filling may disappear over time. If it doesn't, the filling may need to be replaced.

Fillings also can leak as a result of wear over time. These fillings should be replaced.

Cracked Fillings

2008-01-26T22:39:00.000+05:30

Cracked Fillings
Both amalgam and composite fillings can crack, either soon after they are placed or after the fillings have been in place for some time.

Cracks can occur soon after a filling is placed if the filling is higher than the rest of the tooth surface, and must bear most of the force of biting. Cracks also can occur over time, as the forces from chewing and biting affect the filling.

Small cracks also can occur at the edges of a filling. These usually are caused by wear over time. These cracks often can be repaired.

Fillings That Fall Out

2008-01-26T22:37:00.000+05:30

Fillings That Fall Out
Fillings can fall out for several reasons:

You chew too hard on a large filling, and break the filling or the tooth.
A filling material was used that cannot restore the tooth to its proper form and function. For example, if you have broken a large piece of your front tooth, a porcelain (tooth-colored) crown is probably the best treatment choice. In some cases, a dentist may place a composite filling instead. This may look good or acceptable. However, if the composite is too large, a strong biting motion may break the plastic material.
The cavity is contaminated with saliva when the filling is placed. For composite resins, this will disrupt the bonding of the material. As a result, the bond will not stick well to the tooth and it may fall out.

Why Replace a Filling?

2008-01-26T22:35:00.000+05:30

Why Replace a Filling?
Fillings don't last forever. They can become discolored. For example, amalgam or silver fillings corrode and tarnish. Composite, tooth-colored fillings pick up stains, and yellow or darken over time. When you chew, your teeth and any fillings in them are subjected to tremendous pressures. Even if no other problems develop, some fillings will wear out over time and will need to be replaced. A filling will need to be replaced earlier if it falls out, leaks or cracks.

Food debris and bacteria can seep down under a filling that is cracked or leaking. Since you can't clean there, the bacteria feed on the food debris and form the acid that causes tooth decay. Decay under a filling can become extensive before you notice it or it causes you pain. This is why you should have your fillings checked regularly and get them replaced when problems are found.

Temporary Fillings

2008-01-26T22:32:00.000+05:30

Temporary Fillings

You may receive a temporary filling (usually white, off-white or gray) if:

Your treatment requires more than one appointment.
Your dentist wants to wait a short period of time for the tooth to heal.
You have a deep cavity and the pulp (nerve and blood vessels) becomes exposed during treatment.
You need emergency dental treatment.

A temporary filling may make your tooth feel better. This is because the filling seals the tooth, protecting the pulp from bacteria and reducing sensitivity.

Temporary fillings often contain eugenol, an ingredient in over-the-counter toothache remedies. Eugenol is also a component of oil of cloves, which people use for toothache pain.

Temporary fillings are not meant to last. Usually, they fall out, fracture or wear out within a month or two. If you get a temporary filling, make sure you visit your dentist to get a permanent one. If you don't, your tooth could become infected or you could have other problems.

After a Filling

2008-01-26T22:12:00.000+05:30

After a Filling
Many people feel some sensitivity after they receive a filling. The tooth may be sensitive to pressure, air, sweet foods, heat or cold. Composite fillings often cause sensitivity, but other types of filling materials can, too.

In most cases, the sensitivity will subside over one to two weeks. Until then, try to avoid anything that causes it. If your tooth is extremely sensitive or your sensitivity does not decrease after two weeks, contact your dentist's office.

It's important to let your dentist know about any sensitivity you are feeling. The next time you need a filling, he or she may be able to use a different material and make changes to reduce sensitivity. People vary in their response to different materials. Your dentist has no way of predicting if your tooth will react to a particular material.

When you talk to your dentist about the sensitivity, try to describe it as precisely as possible. This information will help decide what should be done next. Your dentist may take out the filling and put in a new one. He or she may add a base, liner or desensitizing agent on the tooth as well. If the filling was very deep, you could need a root canal treatment to solve the problem.

Besides sensitivity, some people feel discomfort when they bite down. There are two types of pain, each with a different cause.

The first type occurs when you bite, and worsens over time. This is caused by a filling that interferes with your bite. Once your anesthetic wears off, you would notice this right away. Contact your dentist. You will need to return to the office to have the filling reshaped.
The second type of discomfort is a very sharp shock that appears only when your teeth touch. This is called galvanic shock. It is caused by two metals (one in the newly filled tooth and one in the tooth it's touching) producing an electric current in your mouth. This would happen, for example, if you had a new amalgam filling in a bottom tooth and had a gold crown in the tooth above it.

Your dentist polishes the filling after it is placed, but occasionally sharp edges may remain. If you find one, contact your dentist and arrange to have it smoothed as soon as possible to avoid injury to your tongue or mouth.

Steps to a Filling

2008-01-26T21:51:00.000+05:30

Steps to a Filling
When you visit your dentist to get a filling, you will be given local anesthesia to numb the area if necessary. Next, your dentist will remove decay from the tooth, using hand instruments or a drill. Air abrasion and lasers also can be used to remove decay. A drill, which dentists call a handpiece, uses metal cones called burs to cut through the enamel and remove the decay. Burs come in many shapes and sizes. Your dentist will choose the ones that are right for the size and location of your decay.

At first, your dentist will use a high speed drill (the one with the familiar whining sound) to cut through the hard enamel. He or she will precisely outline the cavity with the drill, removing only enough of the tooth so the filling can be placed properly. Once the drill reaches the dentin, or second layer of the tooth, the dentist may use a lower speed drill. That's because dentin is softer than enamel.

Throughout the removal process, your dentist will test the area with the explorer to see if all the decay has been removed.

Once all the decay is removed, your dentist will shape the space to prepare it for the filling. Different types of fillings require different shaping procedures to make sure they will stay in place. Your dentist may put in a base or a liner to protect the tooth's pulp (where the nerves are). The base or liner can be made of composite resin, glass ionomer, zinc oxide and eugenol, or another material.

Some of these materials release fluoride to protect the tooth from further decay.
If your dentist is placing a bonded filling, he or she will etch (prepare) the tooth with an acid gel before placing the filling. Etching makes tiny holes in the tooth's enamel surface. This allows the filling to bond tightly to the tooth. Bonded fillings can reduce sensitivity. They also can reduce the risk of leakage or decay under the filling. That's because the etched surface of the tooth and the filling material form a mechanical bond. Bonding is generally done with composite fillings. It can also be done with amalgam.

Certain types of fillings get hardened by a special light. With these fillings, your dentist will stop several times to shine a bright blue light on the resin. This cures (hardens) the material and makes it strong.

Finally, after the filling is placed, your dentist will use burs to finish and polish the tooth.

Determining If You Need a Filling

2008-01-26T21:39:00.000+05:30

Determining If You Need a Filling

Your dentist may use several methods to determine if you have tooth decay, including:

Observation — Some discolored spots on your teeth may indicate decay, but not all of them. Your dentist will use an explorer, a metal instrument with a sharp tip, to probe for possible decay. Healthy tooth enamel is hard and will resist pressure by the explorer. Decayed enamel is softer. The instrument will stick in it slightly. Explorers should be used with caution. Pressing too hard with an explorer can damage a healthy tooth.
Cavity-detecting dye — This can be rinsed over your tooth. It will stick to decayed areas and rinse cleanly
X-rays — X-rays can help your dentist see decay that doesn't show on the surface. However, X-rays are often not accurate in detecting smaller cavities. Current fillings or other restorations also can block the view of decay.

Decay is not the only reason you may need a filling. Other reasons include:

Cracked or broken teeth
Teeth that are worn from unusual use, such as:

Nail-biting

Tooth grinding (bruxism)

Using your teeth to open things

How Do I Know if I Need a Filling?

2008-01-26T21:37:00.000+05:30

How Do I Know if I Need a Filling?
Only your dentist can detect whether you have a cavity that needs to be filled. During a checkup, your dentist will use a small mirror to examine the surfaces of each tooth.
Anything that looks abnormal will then be closely checked with special instruments. Your dentist may also X-ray your entire mouth or a section of it. The type of treatment your dentist chooses will depend on the extent of damage caused by decay.

What Happens When You get a Filling?

2008-01-26T21:35:00.000+05:30

What Happens When You get a Filling?
If your dentist decides to fill a cavity, he or she will first remove the decay and clean the affected area. The cleaned-out cavity will then be filled with any of the variety of materials described above.

Porcelain fillings

2008-01-26T21:31:00.000+05:30

Porcelain fillings
Porcelain fillings are called inlays or onlays and are produced to order in a lab and then bonded to the tooth. They can be matched to the color of the tooth and resist staining. A porcelain restoration generally covers most of the tooth. Their cost is similar to gold.

If decay or a fracture has damaged a large portion of the tooth, a crown, or cap, may be recommended. Decay that has reached the nerve may be treated in two ways: through root canal therapy (in which nerve damaged nerve is removed) or through a procedure called pulp capping (which attempts to keep the nerve alive).

Composite (plastic) resins

2008-01-26T18:22:00.000+05:30

Composite (plastic) resins
Composite (plastic) resins are matched to be the same color as your teeth and therefore used where a natural appearance is desired. The ingredients are mixed and placed directly into the cavity, where they harden. Composites may not be the ideal material for large fillings as they may chip or wear over time. They can also become stained from coffee, tea or tobacco, and do not last as long as other types of fillings generally from three to 10 years.

Amalgam (silver) fillings

2008-01-26T18:21:00.000+05:30

Amalgam (silver) fillings
Amalgam (silver) fillings are resistant to wear and relatively inexpensive. However, due to their dark color, they are more noticeable than porcelain or composite restorations and are not usually used in very visible areas, such as front teeth.

Gold fillings

2008-01-26T18:20:00.000+05:30

Gold fillings
Gold fillings are made to order in a laboratory and then cemented into place. Gold inlays are well tolerated by gum tissues, and may last more than 20 years. For these reasons, many authorities consider gold the best filling material. However, it is often the most expensive choice and requires multiple visits.

Which Type of Filling is Best?

2008-01-26T18:19:00.000+05:30

Which Type of Filling is Best?
No one type of filling is best for everyone. What's right for you will be determined by the extent of the repair, whether you have allergies to certain materials, where in your mouth the filling is needed, and the cost. Considerations for different materials include:

What is a Filling?

2008-01-26T18:14:00.000+05:30

What is a Filling?
A filling is a way to restore a tooth damaged by decay back to its normal function and shape. When a dentist gives you a filling, he or she first removes the decayed tooth material, cleans the affected area, and then fills the cleaned out cavity with a filling material.

By closing off spaces where bacteria can enter, a filling also helps prevent further decay. Materials used for fillings include gold, porcelain, a composite resin (tooth-colored fillings), and an amalgam (an alloy of mercury, silver, copper, tin and sometimes zinc).

Root-Form Implant

2008-01-25T18:43:00.000+05:30

Root-Form Implant

Root-form implants are called endosseous or endosteal implants, meaning they are placed in the bone. They look like screws, thick nails or cones, and come in various widths and lengths. For root-form implants to be successful, the bone needs to be deep enough and wide enough to provide a secure foundation.

Root-form implants can be inserted in two stages or one stage. The two-stage process is the traditional way. In this procedure, the implant is "buried" under the gum tissue for three to four months. Then it is exposed during a second surgical procedure. In a single-stage procedure, the implant is placed in the bone and remains exposed in the mouth.

Types of Implants

2008-01-25T18:36:00.000+05:30

Types of Implants

Today, most dental implants are made of titanium, a metal that has special qualities that make it useful for this purpose.
Titanium develops a thin film on its surface that protects it from corrosion. It is resistant to acids, salt solutions and oxygen, among other things. Titanium also is almost completely nonmagnetic. It is extremely strong for its weight.
Perhaps most important, the body does not reject titanium implants as foreign objects. When implants are placed in bone, the bone grows around the implant. The process is called osseointegration.

Titanium implants come with many types of surfaces, including:

Acid etched
Plasma sprayed
Acid etched and grit blasted
Hydroxyapatite coated

Hydroxyapatite is a part of what bone is made from. It bonds with bone in a process called biointegration.

There are several types of implants. Root-form implants are by far the most popular. Transosseous implants also are performed occasionally. The other types are used rarely.

Your dentist decides which type of implant to use based on the quality of the bone in your jaw and the type of crown, bridge or denture that will be placed on the implant.

Following are the types of Dental Implants

Root-Form Implant

What Are Implants?

2008-01-25T18:26:00.000+05:30

What Are Implants?

Implants are devices that replace the roots of missing teeth. They are used to support crowns, bridges or dentures. Implants are placed in your jawbone by surgery. Most of the time, implants feel more natural and secure than other methods of replacing missing teeth, such as dentures.

There are many reasons it's important to replace missing teeth:

-Having all of your teeth can make you more self-confident. You don't worry that people notice that you have teeth missing.
-When teeth are lost, the area of the jawbone that held those teeth starts to erode. Over time, you can lose so much bone that you will need a bone graft to build up your jawbone before your dentist can place implants or make a denture that fits properly.
-Tooth loss affects how well you chew and what foods you are able to eat. Many people who have missing teeth have poor nutrition, which can affect overall health.
-The loss of teeth can change your bite, the way your teeth come together. Changes in your bite can lead to problems with your jaw joint, called the temporomandibular joint.
-Losing teeth can lead to changes in your speech, which also can affect your self-confidence.

Good Oral Hygiene

2008-01-23T16:24:00.001+05:30

What is Good Oral Hygiene?

Good oral hygiene results in a mouth that looks and smells healthy.

This means:
-Your teeth are clean and free of debris.
-Gums are pink and do not hurt or bleed when you brush or floss.
-Bad breath is not a constant problem.

If your gums do hurt or bleed while brushing or flossing, or you are experiencing persistent bad breath, see your dentist. Any of these conditions may indicate a problem.

Your dentist or hygienist can help you learn good oral hygiene techniques and can help point out areas of your mouth that may require extra attention during brushing and flossing.

How is Good Oral Hygiene Practiced?

Maintaining good oral hygiene is one of the most important things you can do for your teeth and gums. Healthy teeth not only enable you to look and feel good, they make it possible to eat and speak properly. Good oral health is important to your overall well-being.

Daily preventive care, including proper brushing and flossing, will help stop problems before they develop and is much less painful, expensive, and worrisome than treating conditions that have been allowed to progress.

In between regular visits to the dentist, there are simple steps that each of us can take to greatly decrease the risk of developing tooth decay, gum disease and other dental problems.
These include:

-Brushing thoroughly twice a day and flossing daily.
-Eating a balanced diet and limiting snacks between meals.
-Using dental products that contain fluoride, including toothpaste.
-Rinsing with a fluoride mouthrinse if your dentist tells you to.
-Making sure that your children under 12 drink fluoridated water or take a fluoride
supplement if they live in a non-fluoridated area.

Teeth whitening

2008-01-23T15:40:00.000+05:30

Teeth whitening

Before After

Before After

Before After

2008-01-23T15:03:00.000+05:30

Human Teeth:A general Information

2003-01-23T20:15:00.003+05:30

Teeth
Teeth, hard, calcified structures, attached to the upper and lower jaws of vertebrates and of a few lower animals, and used primarily for mastication. In some animals teeth serve other functions, such as gnawing, digging, and fighting. In the course of evolution various forms of teeth have developed, from the simple, scalelike rows of cone-shaped teeth found in sharks to the more complex structures common in mammals.

Human teeth
Human teeth also serve major functions other than chewing. The teeth are directly involved in the process of speech, acting as a brace against which the tongue presses in the formation of certain sounds. The teeth also affect the dimensions and the expression of the face, the appearance of which may be unpleasantly modified by the loss of neighbouring teeth or by any irregularity in tooth growth or colouring

Structure of a Tooth
The sensitive nerves and blood vessels at the centre of each tooth are protected by several layers of tissue, the outermost (the enamel) being the hardest substance in the body. Under the enamel, surrounding the pulp from crown to root, lies a layer of bonelike dentin. A hard tissue called cementum separates the root from the periodontal ligament, which in turn holds the root in place and cushions the tooth against the gum and jaw during the grinding, jarring activity of chewing.

Human teeth consist of an external portion, called the crown, and a root that is embedded within the jaw. The outer layer of the crown is composed of calcified tissue known as enamel—the hardest substance in the body. Inside the enamel is the dentine, a bonelike substance extending from the inner surface of the enamel into the jaw to form the root. Covering the dentine of the root is a thin layer of a hard tissue called cementum. The roots are held in place by elastic fibres that constitute the periodontal membrane, which extends from the cementum to a thickened layer of bone, known as the lamina dura, within the jaw.

The dentine of the crown encloses the pulpal chamber, which penetrates into the root as the root canal. Passing through the root-canal opening at the end of the root are blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, which fill the root canal and pulpal chamber.

Embryological Development
The development of the tooth bud in the human embryo begins in the second month after conception. The tooth bud is composed of outer, or ectodermal, and inner, or mesodermal, tissues. The ectoderm calcifies into enamel rods that develop to cover the crown. Following the depositing of enamel, the mesoderm differentiates into the dentinal portion of the crown and the pulpal chamber. As the embryo develops, continuing calcification results in the formation of the root and a wide root canal, through which blood vessels, nerves, and connective-tissue elements extend into the pulpal chamber. As the tooth crown erupts and the root lengthens, the pupal chamber and canal become more constricted because of the continuous production of dentine by special cells within the pulp. The crown is pushed through the gum by an eruptive force

Deciduous and Permanent Teeth
In humans, one set of 20 teeth is produced for use during early jaw development; these are called the deciduous teeth or, more popularly, milk or baby teeth. A second set of 32 larger permanent teeth replaces the deciduous teeth as the jaw matures. As a result of the growth and enlargement of the jaw, the roots of the deciduous teeth separate, allowing space for the larger permanent teeth to develop between them. The pressure of developing permanent teeth causes the tissues of the jaw to resorb, or suck up, the roots of the corresponding deciduous teeth, leaving only the crowns. As each permanent tooth erupts, it dislodges the crown of the deciduous tooth.

Permanent Teeth

The 20 deciduous, or baby, teeth in a child's mouth are gradually replaced by the permanent array of 32 teeth illustrated here. The 8 incisors (4 on the upper jaw and 4 on the lower) have a straight, sharp edge for cutting and biting. The 4 pointed canines are specialized for tearing. The 8 bicuspids, or premolars, missing among the deciduous teeth, have grinding surfaces, as do the 12 more massive molars (first, second, and third molars). The third molars, absent in some people, are called wisdom teeth.

Types of Teet
The crowns of the permanent teeth are of three general types: the incisors, the cuspids, and the molars. The front teeth, or incisors, are spade shaped to facilitate the cutting of food. In each quarter of the mouth is a central and lateral incisor. Behind the incisors are the three cuspid, or ripping, teeth. The first cuspid, or “canine”, situated directly at the back of the lateral incisor, has a single, pointed cusp. The two teeth at the back of the cuspid are called the bicuspids, as each has two cusps. Behind the biscuspids are the first, second, and third molars, which have a relatively flat chewing surface, permitting the grinding or milling of the food. In general, food is cut with the front incisal teeth, reduced in size by the cuspids and bicuspids, and ground to a digestible size by the molars. Human teeth are still evolving; dental scientists expect that third molars, or wisdom teeth, will eventually disappear as the human jawbone continues to shrink and as refined foods eliminate the need for extra molars.

Well-Rooted
Teeth are anchored in the jaw by their roots, which fit into sockets of the spongy bone. In a growing child, the roots of the deciduous teeth are gradually absorbed into the bone. When a baby tooth “falls out”, it is really just the loose crown, dislodged by an incoming permanent tooth, that emerges from the gum line. Left to right are incisor, canine, premolar, and molar teeth.

Tooth Alignment
The sequence of tooth eruption in the upper and lower jaws occurs in an ordered pattern. Occasional irregularities in the sequence of eruption may cause faulty alignment of the teeth. In some instances, the deciduous tooth is not shed, or the succeeding permanent tooth may be lacking. In other cases the permanent tooth may be impacted in the bone and incapable of eruption; supernumerary, or extra, teeth may also be present. Misalignment, or malocclusion, of the teeth also may occur after eruption. Because the position of a tooth in the jaw is not static, the loss of a tooth may permit the adjoining teeth to tilt towards the empty space, and the corresponding tooth in the opposite jaw may continue to erupt into the space.

Such a shift in position is possible because the tooth is attached to the jaw by the short elastic fibres of the periodontal membrane. The teeth are subjected to a wide range of jaw movements, which are permitted by the ball-and-hinge joints in the human jaw. Normally, each tooth is afforded protection by the adjoining and opposite teeth, which serve to equalize the forces of jaw motion and prevent shifts in position. When severe malocclusion occurs, the teeth should be brought into position by a dental specialist known as an orthodontist.

Tooth Decay
Teeth are extremely susceptible to a process of decay (dental caries). The ever-present oral acidogenic bacteria react with the carbohydrates in the mouth to form acids capable of dissolving the enamel. The breakdown of the enamel permits other bacteria to penetrate the dentine. Decay in a tooth eventually produces a cavity, or hole, in the structure. Extension of the decay causes infection of the tissue within the pulpal chamber, resulting eventually in necrosis or abscess formation, which, if unabated, may affect the jawbone. The decay process is accompanied by the formation of putrefactive gases. If the opening into the pulp is obstructed, severe pain ensues as the pressure of the gases increases. In many instances, the tooth can be treated by root-canal therapy, which removes the infected material from the root canal. In severe cases, the tooth is extracted.

Because teeth, unlike most other organs, are not self-reparative, early dental treatment is required to prevent serious complications. The removal of decayed material in the tooth and its replacement with an inert filling material restores the tooth. Fillings may be made of gold, silver amalgam, porcelain, synthetic cement, or plastic. Sometimes damaged or diseased teeth are capped, that is, given a new crown or a cover of appropriate material.

Proper oral hygiene and periodic dental examination help to prevent dental disease. A well-balanced diet with a minimum of carbohydrates may minimize dental infections. Brushing the teeth after meals to remove food residues helps to reduce decay. Teeth should be brushed in the direction of their growth to avoid gum irritation.

Teeth with Dental Caries

This view of the inside of the mouth shows dental caries, or cavities, appearing as dark areas on the front teeth. The term dental caries refers to the destruction, or necrosis, of teeth usually by bacterial action resulting in a condition commonly known as tooth decay. Cavities have been filled on the rear teeth to prevent further tooth damage.

Go More For

Cosmetic Dentistry

Skin Cancer Photos

Plastic Surgery Doctors

Plastic Surgery Before After

Prescription Weight Loss .